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 Stock
- Generic term used when referring to wood, lumber or building material.
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 Rough Lumber
- Unlike soft woods that are pre-milled to specific dimensions,
hardwoods come in random lengths and widths and are bought and sold based upon
rough dimensions. When purchasing stock from a mill, the buyer must specify the
required nominal dimensions or choose a board that is appropriate for the application.
Since rough lumber has not yet been surfaced, one must always begin with
oversize material. Surfacing a board's sides removes about 1/4 inch of
material from the board's thickness. The following terms are used to
indicate the thickness of a rough cut board.
4/4 material (four quarters of an inch thick) will produce a surfaced board
that is 3/4" thick.
5/4 material will produce a board that is 1" thick.
6/4 material will produce a board that is 1 1/4" thick.
8/4 material will produce a board that is 1 3/4" thick.
This rule continues with 12/4, 16/4, and so on.
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- Surfaced Lumber
- Stock with one or more faces planed flat prior to
purchase. Typically, this is the type of material you will find in a
lumber yard. The following abbreviations are used to indicate which faces of
a board have been surfaced.
S & S - The board is surfaced and straight lined.
S1S - The board has been surfaced on one side.
S2S - The board has been surfaced on both sides.
S3S - The board has been surfaced on both sides and one edge.
S4S - The board has been surfaced on two sides and two edges.
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- Dimensions of materials
- Length - The longest dimension of the material, usually in the direction
of the grain.
- Width - The second longest dimension of the material, usually against the
direction of the grain.
- Thickness - The smallest dimension of the material.
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- Rip Cut
- A cut made parallel to (in the same direction
as) the grain of the wood. Because the grain of plywood alternates between
layers, we define rip cuts as going along the length of the material,
regardless of the orientation of the surface grain.
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- Cross Cut
- A cut made
perpendicular to (across or against) the grain of the wood. Because the
grain of plywood alternates between layers, we define cross cuts as going
along the width of the material, regardless of the orientation of the surface
grain.
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- Fence
- A stationary reference from which stock is indexed and worked. When making a
ripping cut, use of an adjustable ripping fence ensures that the cut is square
and parallel.
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 Miter Gauge- An adjustable, angular fence used to guide stock across the blade. This tool
is useful when making a cross cut or an angled cut.
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- Stops
- An adjustable fixture attached to the fence which enables a cut of a
particular length or width to be repeated accurately.
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- Kickback
- When stock passed improperly through a machine is thrown out of control by
the cutting blade. A kickback implies extreme danger to the operator of
the machine.
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